Music and artificial intelligence

de Alan Smaill

Thisvolumecontainsthefullresearchpapersofthe2nd International Con- renceonMusicandArti?cialIntelligence(ICMAI02),heldinSt. Cecilia’sHall, Edinburgh,UK,12–14September2002. Theconferencewasjointlyorganizedby theFacultyofMusicandtheDivisionofInformatics,UniversityofEdinburgh. Eachofthepapersinthisvolumewasrefereedbyatleastthreereviewersfrom theProgramCommittee. AdditionalpaperswereacceptedasWork-in-Progress reports,publishedseparatelybytheDivisionofInformaticsoftheUniversity ofEdinburgh. Theconferenceprogramalsoincludedround-tablediscussions, electronicmusicconcerts,earlykeyboardintrumentdemonstrations,andvarious socialevents. Thefocusoftheconferencewasontheinterplaybetweenmusicaltheoryand practiceontheonehandandtechniquesandmethodsfromArti?cialIntelligence, includingcomputationalcognitivemodelingofmusicalprocesses,ontheother. Weareespeciallyinterestedinissuesofmusicalrepresentationandanalysis, associatedalgorithms,andtheevaluationofmusicalartefacts.^ MusicpresentsmanychallengesforAIandInformaticsingeneral. Whilethe analogieswithnaturallanguageandwithvisionareproductive,musicrequires novelsolutionstoitsownrepresentationalandalgorithmicproblems. Forthe musician,workinthisareacontributestowardsmusicologicalstudy,composition, performance,interactivesystems,andsoundsynthesis. Threedistinguishedscholarsinthearea,MiraBalaban,Jean-ClaudeRisset, andAntonioCamurri,agreedtogivetheinvitedkeynotes. Thesetalkscovered di?erentfeaturesofmusicalexperienceanditsrelationtoArti?cialIntelligence, namelymusicalconcepts,composition,andperformance. Morespeci?cally,Jean- ClaudeRisset’stopicwasMusicalCompositionandArti?cialIntelligence:Some Precedents and Prospects,MiraBalaban’swas Structure and Interpretation of Music Concepts – Music from a Computational Perspective,andAntonio- murri’swasComputationalModelsofExpressiveGesture.^ Thepapersintheconferencedealtwithawiderangeofaspectsofcurrent research,includingstructural,harmonic,andreductionalmusicanalysis,pattern representationanddiscoveryinbothmonophonicandpolyphonicmusic,music perceptionofmelodyandrhythm,therelationbetweenmusicandnaturallan- age,similarityandcategorization,musicandintonation,musicalexpressionand performance,soundprocessing,soundclassi?cations,commercialapplications, andmusicontheweb. Acknowledgements. Theeditorsaregratefulforallthehelpofthosewho madethepublicationofthisvolumepossible,andespeciallyDarrellConklin, VI Organization PeterNelson,EmiliosCambouropoulos,AlisonPease,andMarkSteedman;also, JordanFleming,EwenMaclean,andRobertDow;andtheFacultyofMusicand theDivisionofInformatics,UniversityofEdinburghfor?nancialsupport.^ July2002 ChristinaAnagnostopoulou MiguelFerrand AlanSmaill OrganizingCommittee AlanSmaill(Chair) ChristinaAnagnostopoulou(Co-chair) MiguelFerrand PeterNelson AlisonPease MarkSteedman ProgramCommittee ? JensArnspang(Alborg) GillianHayes(Edinburgh) MiraBalaban(Ben-Gurion) HenkjanHoning(Nijmegen) MartaOlivettiBelardinelli(Rome) JukkaLouhivuori(Jyvaskyla) RensBod(Amsterdam) TodMachover(MIT-MediaLab) CarolaBoehm(Glasgow) GuerinoMazzola(ZurichandVienna) AmilcarCardoso(Coimbra) StephenMcAdams(IRCAM) EmiliosCambouropoulos(Thessaloniki)EduardoMiranda(SONYCSL-Paris) ElaineChew(USC) PeterNelson(Edinburgh) DarrellConklin(ZymoGenetics) Fran¸coisPachet(SONYCSL-Paris) IanCross(Cambridge) StephenTravisPope(SantaBarbara) RogerDannenberg(CMU) AlanSmaill(Edinburgh) PeterDesain(Nijmegen) MarkSteedman(Edinburgh) AnastasiaGeorgaki(Athens) DavidTemperley(Rochester) InvitedSpeakers MiraBalaban(Ben-GurionUniversity,Israel) AntonioCamurri(UniversityofGenoa,Italy)^ Jean-ClaudeRisset(LaboratoiredeM´echaniqueetd’Acoustique,France) TableofContents InvitedTalks StructureandInterpretationofMusicConcepts:Musicfroma ComputationalPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MiraBalaban ExpressiveGesture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 AntonioCamurri RegularContributions AGeneralParsingModelforMusicandLanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 RensBod TheSpiralArray:AnAlgorithmforDeterminingKeyBoundaries . . . . . . . 18 ElaineChew RepresentationandDiscoveryofVerticalPatternsinMusic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 DarrellConklin DiscoveringMusicalStructureinAudioRecordings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 RogerB. Dannenberg,NingHu RealTimeTrackingandVisualisationofMusicalExpression . . . . . . . . . . . .^ 58 SimonDixon,WernerGoebl,GerhardWidmer AutomaticClassi?cationofDrumSounds:AComparisonofFeature SelectionMethodsandClassi?cationTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 PerfectoHerrera,AlexandreYeterian,FabienGouyon SomeFormalProblemswithSchenkerianRepresentationsofTonal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 TimHorton RespirationRe?ectingMusicalExpression:AnalysisofRespiration duringMusicalPerformancebyInductiveLogicProgramming . . . . . . .