Throughout history and across cultures, the spy chief has been an essential advisor for heads of state and the leader of the state security apparatus. In democracies, the spy chief has become a public figure, and intelligence activities have been largely brought under the rule of law. In authoritarian regimes, the spy chief was and remains a frightening and opaque figure who designs intrigue abroad and fosters repression at home. This second volume of Spy Chiefs provides a close-up look at intelligence leadership, good and bad. The contributors to the volumes try to answer the following questions: how do intelligence leaders operate in different national, institutional and historical contexts? What role have they played in the conduct of international relations? How much power do they possess? What qualities make an effective intelligence leader? How secretive and accountable to the public have they been? This book goes beyond the commonly studied spy chiefs of the United States and Britain to examine leaders from Renaissance Venice to twentieth century Russia, Germany, India, Egypt, and Lebanon.
