Many island societies now face the challenges of severe depopulation and loss of indigenous culture. In some cases, where the value of indigenous knowledge, nature and culture is widely recognized - as in the case of islands that are designated as, or have, Biosphere Reserves or World Heritage Sites - these challenges may be overcome. Even with such protections local cultures are often displaced by excessive tourist visitations, and the resulting ecosystem degradation and cultural commoditization. How best to manage and conserve the natural and cultural beauty, identity and diversity of island--
