This book critically assesses recent developments in environmental and tax legislation, and in particular low-carbon strategies. It analyses the implementation of market-based instruments for achieving climate stabilisation objectives around the world. Through case studies and broader analysis, the authors examine taxes and subsidies in energy intensive sectors including stationary energy and transport in Europe and South America, and low-carbon strategies in Australia and East Asia. They also address cross-cutting policy issues involving water pollution and biodiversity protection. This work illustrates how economic instruments for a low-carbon transition need to align with other governmental policies and together influence behaviour in multiple domains such as energy, mobility, trade, land use and innovation.